seems likely

ἔοικα,

A as, ε, etc., [tense] pf. with [tense] pres. sense, to be like: rarely in other tenses, [ per.] 3sg. [tense] impf.

εἶκε

it was opportune,

Il.18.520

(unless fr.

εἴκω 111

): [tense] fut.

εἴξω

will be like,

Ar.Nu. 1001

; [tense] pf. [ per.] 3 dual

ἔϊκτον Od.4.27

; [ per.] 1pl.

ἔοιγμεν S.Aj. 1239

, Ichn.95, E.Cyc.99;

ἐοίκαμεν Pl.La. 193d

; [ per.] 3pl.

εἴξασι E.Hel. 497

, Ar.Av.96, Pl.Plt. 291a, Sph. 230a, Pl.Com.22, 153, Eub.98.8;

ἐοίκασι Pl.R. 584d

; inf.

εἰκέναι E.Fr. 167

, Ar.Nu. 185 (cf. προσέοικα); part. εἰκώς (also

ἐϊκώς Il.21.254

, v. sub εἰκός)

; εἰοικυῖαι 18.418

: [dialect] Ion. (not [dialect] Ep.) οἶκα, ας, ε, Hdt.4.82,5.20, 106, part.

οἰκώς Id.6.125

; but ἔοκια, ἐοικώς are found in other Ionic writers, as Semon. 7.41, Anacr.84, Heraclit.1, Hp.Aër.6, Democr.266, and codd. of Hdt. vary; [ per.] 2sg. εἶκας (v.l. οἶκας) Alcm.80: [tense] plpf. ἐῴκειν, εις, ει, Od. 1.411, etc.; [ per.] 3pl.

ἐῴκεσαν Th.7.75

, etc., [dialect] Ep.

ἐοίκεσαν Il.13.102

; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3 dual

ἐΐκτην 1.104

, Od.4.662, Hes.Sc. 390 codd.: [dialect] Att. [tense] plpf.

ᾔκειν Ar. Av. 1298

(Dawes from Sch.):—[voice] Pass., [ per.] 3sg. [tense] pf.

ἤϊκται Nic.Th. 658

: [tense] plpf.

ἤϊκτο Od.20.31

, al.,

ἔϊκτο Il.23.107

.

I to be like, look like, c. dat., Il.14.474, etc.;

Μαχάονι πάντα ἔοικε 11.613

;

κεφαλήν τε καὶ ὄμματα καλὰ ἔοικας κείνῳ Od.1.208

; so εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε, δέμας, etc., Il.2.58, 21.285, etc.; εἰς ὦπα ἔοικεν, ἄντα ἐῴκει, 3.158, 24.630, al.; μελαίνῃ κηρὶ ἔοικε is considered like, i.e. hated like, death, Od.17.500: c. part., αἰεὶ γὰρ δίφρου ἐπιβησομένοισιν ἐΐκτην seemed always just about to set foot upon the chariot, Il.23.379; ἔοικε σημαίνοντι seems to indicate, Pl.Cra. 437a; τοὐναντίον ἔοικεν σπεύδοντι seems to urge the opposite, Id.Prt. 361b, cf. X.Mem.1.6.10,4.3.8, Arist.Sens. 437b24; ἔοικεν τοῦτο ἀτόπῳ this is like an absurdity, seems absurd, Pl.Phd. 62d;

δαιμονίᾳ ἔοικεν εὐεργεσίᾳ D.2.1

: used by A. in this sense only in part. εἰκώς like, c. dat., Ag. 760 (lyr.), Ch. 560 (cf. IV.1).

2

ἐοικέναι κατά τι

to be analogous to,

Plot.4.4.39

.

II seem, c. inf. (where we make the Verb impersonal): c. inf. [tense] pres., methinks, ἔοικα δέ τοι παραείδειν ὥς τε θεῷ I seem to sing (i. e. methinks I sing) to thee, as to a god, Od.22.348; χλιδᾶν ἔοικας methinks thou art delicate, A.Pr. 971;

ἔοικα θρηνεῖν μάτην Id.Ch. 926

, cf. 730;

ἔοικα.. οὐκ εἰδέναι S.OT 744

;

ἔοικα.. ἐποικτίρειν σε Id.Ph. 317

: c. [tense] fut. inf., θέλξειν μ' ἔοικας it seems likely that thou wilt.., A.Eu. 900;

ἐρεῖν ἔοικας Id.Pr. 984

;

ἔοικα θεσπιῳδήσειν Id.Ag. 1161

;

κτενεῖν ἔοικας Id.Ch. 922

;

τὸν ἄνδρ' ἔοικεν ὕπνος ἔξειν S.Ph. 821

;

ἔοικα πράξειν οὐδέν E.Hec. 813

, cf. Cyc.99: c. [tense] aor. inf., πικροὺς ἔοιγμεν.. ἀγῶνας κηρῦξαι methinks we proclaimed, S.Aj. 1239: c. [tense] pf. inf.,

ἔοικεν ἐπωνομάσθαι Pl.Cra. 419c

: c. part., ἔοικε κεκλημένη seems to be called, ibid.;

ἐοίκατε ἡδόμενοι X.HG6.3.8

;

κατακεκομμένη ἔοικεν ἡ σύνθεσις καὶ εὐκαταφρόνητος Demetr.Eloc.4

.

2 impers., ἔοικε it seems: ὡς ἔοικε as it seems, S.Ant. 576, 740, El. 772, 1341, E.Andr. 551, etc., used by Pl. merely to modify a statement, probably, I believe, Phd.61c, R. 332b, al.; ἔοικεν in answers, so it seems, ib. 334a, 346c, al.

3 personal in the same sense,

ὡς ἔοικας S.El. 516

, Tr. 1241;

ὡς εἴξασιν E.Hel. 497

.

III beseem, befit, c. dat. pers.,

τὸ μὲν ἀπιέναι.. οὐδενὶ καλῷ ἔοικε X.An.6.5.17

(unless οὐδενὶ κ. is neut.);

ἀνδράσι ἔοικεν τὰ τῆς γεωργίας POxy. 899.18

( 200 A.D.): c. dat. et inf.,

τὰ μὲν οὔ τι καταθνητοῖσιν ἔοικεν ἄνδρεσσιν φορέειν Il.10.440

; cf. 111.2 fin.

2 most freq. impers., ἔοικε it is fitting, reasonable, mostly with neg. and folld. by inf.,

οὐκ ἔστ' οὐδὲ ἔοικε τεὸν ἔπος ἀρνήσασθαι Il.14.212

;

οὐ γὰρ ἔοικ' ὀτρυνέμεν 4.286

: freq. c. acc. et inf., 12.212, al.; in Od.22.196 an inf. must be supplied, εὐνῇ ἔνι μαλακῇ καταλέγμενος, ὥς σε ἔοικεν (sc. καταλέξασθαι) ; ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ ἔοικε (sc. εἶναι) Il.1.119:—rare in [dialect] Att.,

ἔοικεν νέῳ.. ὀργὴν ὑποφέρειν Pl.Lg. 879c

.

IV part. ἐοικώς, εἰκώς, [dialect] Ion. οἰκώς, υῖα, ός,

1 seeming like, like, Il.3.449, etc.:—the longer form is found in [dialect] Att. Prose,

φόβος οὐδενὶ ἐοικώς Th.7.71

;

εἰκώς A.Ag. 760

(lyr.), Ch. 560, E.Cyc. 376, Ar.V. 1321.

2 fitting, seemly, μῦθοί γε ἐοικότες.., ὧδε ἐοικότα μυθήσασθαι, Od.3.124, 125, cf. 4.239;

ἐοικότι κεῖται ὀλέθρῳ 1.46

; ἐϊκυῖαν ἄκοιτιν a suitable wife, 'a help meet for him', Il.9.399.

3 likely, probable, εἰκός ἐστι, = ἔοικε, S.El. 659, 1488, etc.; esp. ὡς εἰκός, [dialect] Ion. ὡς οἰκός, = ὡς ἔοικε, Hdt.1.45 (sc. ἦν), S.Ph. 498, etc.;

οἷον εἰκός Pl.R. 406c

;

καθάπερ εἰκός Id.Ti. 24d

; also

ὡς τὸ εἰκός Id.Phd. 67a

, R. 407d, etc.; οἱ εἰκότες λόγοι, μῦθοι, Id.Ti. 48d, 59c; ἀδύνατα εἰκότα plausible miracles, opp. δυνατὰ ἀπίθανα, Arist.Po. 1460a27.

4 καὶ τὰ ἐοικότα and the like,

αἶγες, αἴλουροι, καὶ τὰ ἐ. S.E.P.1.47

, cf. 3.180;

ἄρτιον, περιττόν, τέλειον, τὰ ἐ. Nicom. Ar.1.3

.

5 neut. Subst. εἰκός (q.v.).

κινδυν-εύω, [tense] fut. -σω Hdt.8.60.α', etc.: [tense] pf.

A

κεκινδύνευκα Lys.3.47

, Plb.5.61.4:—[voice] Pass., mostly in [tense] pres.: [tense] fut.

κινδυνευθήσομαι D.30.10

,

κεκινδυνεύσομαι Antipho 5.75

: [tense] aor. and [tense] pf., v. infr. 3: ([etym.] κίνδυνος):—to be daring, run risk, κ. πρὸς πολλούς, πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, Hdt.4.11, X.Mem.3.3.14; κ. εἰς τὴν Αῐγυπτον venture thither, Pherecr.11.

b abs., make a venture, take a risk, Hdt.3.69, Ar.Eq. 1204; to be in dire peril, Th.3.28, 6.33, etc.; to be in danger, Arist.EN 1124b8, etc.; of a sick person, Hp.Aph. (Sp.) 7.82, Coac. 374; esp. engage in war, Isoc.1.43; τοῦ χωρίου κινδυνεύοντος the post being in peril, Th.4.8; ὁ κινδυνεύων τόπος the place of danger, Plb.3.115.6.

2 c. dat., κ. τῷ σώματι, τῇ ψυχῇ, Hdt.2.120, 7.209; κ. ἁπάσῃ τῇ Ἑλλάδι run a risk with all Greece, i.e. endanger it all, Id.8.60.

α'; στρατιῇ Id.4.80

; τίσιν οὖν ὑμεῖς κινδυνεύσαιτ' ἄν .. ; in what points.. ? D.9.18; κ. τοῖς ὅλοις πράγμασι, τῷ βίῳ, Plb.1.70.1, 5.61.4;

τῷ ζῆν PTeb.44.21

(ii B.C.): freq. with Preps.,

κ. ἐν τοῖς σώμασι Lys.2.63

;

οὐκ ἐν τῷ Καρὶ ἀλλ' ἐν υἱέσι Pl.La. 187b

([voice] Pass.); κ. περὶ [ τῆς Πελοποννήσου] Hdt.8.74;

περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς Antipho 2.4.5

, Ar.Pl. 524;

περὶ τοῦ σώματος And.1.4

;

περὶ ἀνδραποδισμοῦ Isoc. 8.37

;

περὶ τῆς μεγίστης ζημίας Lys.7.15

;

περὶ τῆς βασιλείας πρὸς Κῦρον D.15.24

;

περὶ αὑτῷ Antipho 5.6

;

περὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις Pl.Prt. 314a

; but κ. περὶ δισχιλίους go into battle with a force of 2, 000, Eun.Hist.p.244 D.;

ὑπὲρ καλλίστων Lys.2.79

.

3 c. acc. cogn., venture, hazard,

τοὺς ἐσχάτους κινδύνους Antipho 5.82

;

κινδύνευμα Pl.R. 451a

;

μάχην Aeschin.2.169

; τὴν ψευδομαρτυρίαν hazard a prosecution for perjury, D.41.16 codd. ( τῶν-ιῶν Blass):—[voice] Pass., to be ventured or hazarded, μεταβολὴ κινδυνεύεται there is risk of change, Th.2.43; ὁποτέρως ἔσται, ἐν ἀδήλῳ κινδυνεύεται remains in hazardous uncertainty, Id.1.78;

τὰ μέγιστα κινδυνεύεται τῇ πόλει D.19.285

; κεκινδυνευμένον a venturous enterprise, Pi.N.5.14; τὰ κινδυνευθέντα, = τὰ κινδυνεύματα, Lys.2.54;

τῶν ἤδη σφίσι καλῶς κεκινδυνευμένων Arr.An.2.7.3

;

τὸ φιλοπόλεμον καὶ κεκ. D.S.2.21

.

4 c. inf., run the risk of doing or being..,

τὸν στρατὸν κινδυνεύσει ἀποβαλεῖν Hdt.8.65

;

κακόν τι λαβεῖν Id.6.9

;

ἀπολέσθαι Id.9.89

;

διαφθαρῆναι Th.3.74

;

ἀποθανεῖν Pl.Ap. 28b

, etc.;

τοῦ συντριβῆναι LXX Jn.1.4

; then,

b to express chance, i.e. what may possibly or probably happen: c. [tense] pres., [tense] pf., or [tense] aor. inf., κινδυνεύουσι οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὗτοι γόητες εἶναι they run a risk of being reputed conjurers, Hdt.4.105; κινδυνεύσομεν βοηθεῖν we shall probably have to assist, Pl. Tht. 164e, cf. 172c; κ. ἡ ἀληθὴς δόξα ἐπιστήμη εἶναι seems likely to be.., ib. 187b; κινδυνεύσεις ἐπιδεῖξαι χρηστὸς εἶναι you will have the chance of showing your worth, X.Mem.2.3.17, cf. 3.13.3; κ. ἀναμφιλογώτατον ἀγαθὸν εἶναι ib.4.2.34, cf. Pl.Ap. 40b; τὰ συσσίτια κινδυνεύει συναγαγεῖν he probably organized the σ., Id.Lg. 625e; κινδυνεύω πεπονθέναι ὅπερ .. Id.Grg. 485e: c. [tense] fut. inf., dub. in Th.4.117; κινδυνεύει impers., it may be, possibly, as an affirmat. answer, Pl.Sph. 256e, Phdr. 262c; out of courtesy, when no real doubt is implied, κινδυνεύεις ἀληθῆ λέγειν you may very likely be right, Id.Smp. 205d.

5 [voice] Pass., to be endangered or imperilled,

ἐν ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ πολλῶν ἀρετὰς κ. Th.2.35

;

τὰ χρήματα κινδυνεύεται τῷ δανείσαντι D.34.28

:— but [voice] Pass. in sense of [voice] Act. dub. in GDI3569.4 ([place name] Calymna).

πρόϊμος, ον (the standard sp. is πρώϊμος [X., Oec. 17, 4 al.; OGI 56, 68 πρώϊμος σπόρος: III B.C.; PTebt 27, 25; 76: 113 B.C.; L-S-J-M s.v.; DGeorgacas, ClPh 76, ’81, 156; s. RPfeiffer’s note in Callimachus I ’49, 392, on Fgm. 550/482]; on LXX usage s. Thackeray p. 90.—B-D-F §35, 1; Mlt-H. 73). The subst. (s. B-D-F §241, 5; W-S. §5, 19) πρόϊμος Js 5:7 (opp. ὄψιμος; s. Tdf. app. on the rdg. πρώϊμον, and add P⁷⁴) is usu. understood to mean early rain in line w. t.r. and many mss. that add ὑετός (Hollmann, Windisch, MDibelius, et al., w. ref. to Dt 11:14; Hos 6:3; Jo 2:23; Zech 10:1; Jer 5:24.). Others think of the early crops based on the v.l. πρ(ό)ϊμον καρπόν (cp. Petosiris, Fgm. 6, ln. 45 πρώϊμοι καρποί; Geopon. 1, 12, 32 οἱ πρώϊμοι καρποὶ κ. οἱ ὄψιμοι).—In B 3:4, τότε ῥαγήσεται πρόϊμον τὸ φῶς σου is quoted fr. Is 58:8. The LXX might better have translated the Hebr. orig. w. πρωϊνός, but it seems likely that the translator meant ‘early’=soon.—DELG s.v. πρώην. M-M.

ἐπιούσιος, ον according to Origen, De Orat. 27, 7, coined by the evangelists. Grave doubt is cast on the one possible occurrence of ἐ. which is independent of our lit. (Sb 5224, 20), by BMetzger, How Many Times Does ἐ. Occur Outside the Lord’s Prayer?: ET 69, ’57/58, 52–54=Historical and Literary Studies, ’68, 64–66; it seems likely that Origen was right after all. Found in our lit. only w. ἄρτος in the Lord’s Prayer Mt 6:11; Lk 11:3; D 8:2. Variously interpreted: Sin. Syr. (on Lk) and Cur. Syr. אמינא continual (DHadidian, NTS 5, ’58/59, 75–81); Peshitta דסונקנן for our need; Itala ‘panis quotidianus’, ‘daily bread’; Jerome ‘panis supersubstantialis’ (on this JHennig, TS 4, ’43, 445–54); GHb 62, 42 מָחָר = Lat. ‘crastinus’ for tomorrow. Of modern interpretations the following are worth mentioning:

① deriving it fr. ἐπὶ and οὐσία necessary for existence (in agreement w. Origen, Chrysostom, and Jerome are e.g. Beza, Tholuck, HEwald, Bleek, Weizsäcker, BWeiss, HCremer; Billerb. I 420; CRogge, PhilolWoch 47, 1927, 1129–35; FHauck, ZNW 33, ’34, 199–202; RWright, CQR 157, ’56, 340–45; HBourgoin, Biblica 60, ’79, 91–96; Betz, SM p. 398f, with provisional support).

② a substantivizing of ἐπὶ τὴν οὖσαν sc. ἡμέραν for the current day, for today (cp. Thu. 1, 2, 2 τῆς καθʼ ἡμέραν ἀναγκαίου τροφῆς; Vi. Aesopi W. 110 p. 102 P. τὸν καθημερινὸν ζήτει προσλαμβάνειν ἄρτον καὶ εἰς τὴν αὔριον ἀποθησαύριζε. Cp. Pind., O. 1, 99.—Acc. to Artem. 1, 5 p. 12, 26–28 one loaf of bread is the requirement for one day. S. ἐφήμερος.)—ADebrunner, Glotta 4, 1912, 249–53; 13, 1924, 167–71, SchTZ 31, 1914, 38–41, Kirchenfreund 59, 1925, 446–8, ThBl 8, 1929, 212f, B-D-F §123, 1; 124, PhilolWoch 51, ’31, 1277f (but s. CSheward, ET 52 ’40/41, 119f).—AThumb, Griechische Grammatik 1913, 675; ESchwyzer II 473, 2.

③ for the following day fr. ἡ ἐπιοῦσα sc. ἡμέρα (cp. schol. Pind., N. 3, 38 νῦν μὲν ὡς ἥρωα, τῇ δὲ ἐπιούση ὡς θεόν=today viewed as a hero, on the morrow a god; s. ἔπειμι): Grotius, Wettstein; Lghtf., On a Fresh Revision of the English NT³ 1891, 217–60; Zahn, JWeiss; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1904, 208; EKlostermann; Mlt-H. p. 313f; PSchmiedel: W-S. §16, 3b note 23, SchTZ 30, 1913, 204–20; 31, 1914, 41–69; 32, 1915, 80; 122–33, PM 1914, 358–64, PhilolWoch 48, 1928, 1530–36, ThBl 8, 1929, 258f; ADeissmann, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 115–19, RSeeberg Festschr. 1929, I 299–306, The NT in the Light of Modern Research, 1929, 84–86; AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 2, 1924, 31–41 (GRudberg ibid. 42; 3, 1925, 76); 9, 1930, 62–68; OHoltzmann; ASteinmann, D. Bergpredigt 1926, 104f; FPölzl-TInnitzer, Mt⁴ ’32, 129f; SKauchtschischwili, PhilolWoch 50, 1930, 1166–68.—FStiebitz, ibid. 47, 1927, 889–92, w. ref. to Lat. ‘diaria’=the daily ration of food, given out for the next day; someth. like: give us today our daily portion—acc. to FDölger, Ac 5, ’36, 201–10, one loaf of bread (likew. WCrönert, Gnomon 4, 1928, 89 n. 1). S. also s.v. σήμερον.

④ deriving it fr. ἐπιέναι ‘be coming’

ⓐ on the analogy of τὸ ἐπιόν=‘the future’, bread for the future; so Cyrillus of Alex. and Peter of Laodicea; among the moderns, who attach var. mngs. to it, esp. ASeeberg, D. 4te Bitte des V.-U., Rektoratsrede Rostock 1914, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 109; s. LBrun, Harnack-Ehrung 1921, 22f.

ⓑ in the mng. ‘come to’: give us this day the bread that comes to it, i.e. belongs to it; so KHolzinger, PhilolWoch 51, ’31, 825–30; 857–63; 52, ’32, 383f.

ⓒ equal to ἐπιών= next acc. to TShearman, JBL 53,’34, 110–17.

ⓓ the bread which comes upon (us) viz. from the Father, so AHultgren, ATR 72, ’90, 41–54.

ⓔ The petition is referred to the coming Kingdom and its feast by: REisler, ZNW 24, 1925, 190–92; JSchousboe, RHR 48, 1927, 233–37; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 233–35; JJeremias, Jesus als Weltvollender 1930, 52; ELittmann, ZNW 34, ’35, 29; cp. EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’évangile de Luc ’76, 167–81.—S. also GLoeschcke, D. Vaterunser-Erklärung des Theophilus v. Antioch. 1908; GWalther, Untersuchungen z. Gesch. d. griech. Vaterunser-Exegese 1914; DVölter, PM 18, 1914, 274ff; 19, 1915, 20ff, NThT 4, 1915, 123ff; ABolliger, SchTZ 30, 1913, 276–85; GKuhn, ibid. 31, 1914, 33ff; 36, 1919, 191ff; EvDobschütz, HTR 7, 1914, 293–321; RWimmerer, Glotta 12, 1922, 68–82; EOwen, JTS 35, ’34, 376–80; JHensler, D. Vaterunser 1914; JSickenberger, Uns. ausreichendes Brot gib uns heute 1923; PFiebig, D. Vaterunser 1927, 81–83; GDalman, Worte² 1930, 321–34; HHuber, D. Bergpredigt ’32; GBonaccorsi, Primi saggi di filologia neotest. I ’33, 61–63; 533–39; JHerrmann, D. atl. Urgrund des Vaterunsers: OProcksch Festchr. ’34, 71–98; MBlack, JTS 42, ’41, 186–89, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 203–7, 299f, n. 3; SMowinckel, Artos epiousios: NorTT 40, ’42, 247–55; ELohmeyer, D. Vaterunser erkl. ’46.—Lit.: JCarmignac, Recherches sur le ‘Notre Père’, ’69; CHemer, JSNT 22, ’84, 81–94; Betz, SM 396–400.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἔα (Aeschyl. et al. in Attic poets; rare in prose: Pla., Prot. 314d; Epict. 2, 24, 22; 3, 20, 5; Job 15:16; 25:6) an exclamatory particle expressing surprise or displeasure, ah!, ha! Mk 1:24 v.l.; Lk 4:34. Some connection w. ἔα, impv. of ἐάω, let alone! seems likely in 1 Cl, and poss. in Mk and Lk (cp. Vulg. and NRSV mng., Lk 4:34). S. ἐάω 2.

δοκέω Il.7.192, [dialect] Att. [tense] impf. ἐδόκουν, [dialect] Ep.

A

δοκέεσκον AP5.298

(Agath.): —[voice] Med.,

δοκέοντο Opp.C.4.296

: part. δοκεύμενος ib. 109: the [tense] fut. and other tenses are twofold:

1 [tense] fut. δόξω and [tense] aor. 1 ἔδοξα Pi.N.4.37, h.Merc. 208, etc.: [tense] pf. δέδοχα inferred from [tense] plpf.

ἐδεδόχεσαν D.C.44.26

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐδόχθην Plb.21.10.8

, etc., ([etym.] κατ-) Antipho 2.2.2: [tense] pf.

δέδογμαι Hdt.8.100

, etc.: [tense] plpf.

ἐδέδοκτο Id.9.74

.

2 regul. forms (chiefly Trag., Com., and late Prose), [tense] fut.

δοκήσω A.Pr. 388

, Ar.Nu. 562, etc. (once in Hdt., 4.74); [dialect] Dor. δοκησῶ or

- ᾱσῶ Theoc.1.150

: [tense] aor. ἐδόκησα, [dialect] Ep.

δόκ- Od.10.415

, Pi.O.13.56, A.Th. 1041, Ar.Ra. 1485, etc.: [tense] pf.

δεδόκηκα A.Eu. 309

(lyr.):— [voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐδοκήθην E.Med. 1417

(anap.): [tense] pf.

δεδόκημαι Pi.N.5.19

, E.Med. 763 (anap.), Ar.V. 726, also in Hdt.7.16.γ; but δεδοκημένος (q. v.) belongs to δέχομαι.

I expect (Iterat. of δέκομαι, cf.

δέχομαι 11.3

): hence, think, suppose, imagine, (opp. φρονέω, S.Aj. 942 (lyr.), Pherecr.146.4):

1 c. acc. et inf.,

δοκέω νικησέμεν Ἕκτορα Il.7.192

;

οὔ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι Hdt.1.8

, cf. 11,27, al., Antipho 2.4.5, etc.: rarely with inf. omitted, δοκῶ.. οὐδὲν ῥῆμα.. κακὸν [εἶναι] S.El.61; τούτους τι δοκεῖτε [εἶναι] X. An.5.7.26; freq. in relating a dream or vision, τεκεῖν δράκοντ' ἔδοξεν she thought a serpent produced young, A.Ch. 527; ἐδόκουν αἰετὸν.. φέρειν methought an eagle was carrying, Ar.V.15;

ὁρᾷς γὰρ οὐδὲν ὧν δοκεῖς σάφ' εἰδέναι E.Or. 259

: with inf. only, ἔδοξ' ἰδεῖν methought I saw, ib. 408;

ἔδοξ' ἀκοῦσαι Pl.Prt. 315e

;

ἔδοξ' ἐν ὕπνῳ.. οἰκεῖν ἐν Ἄργει E.IT44

(sts. also, as in signf. 11,

ἐδοξάτην μοι δύο γυναῖκε.. μολεῖν A. Pers. 181

;

ἐν τῷ σταδίῳ.. μέ τις ἐδόκει στεφανοῦν Alex.272.4

).

b think to do, purpose,

ὅταν δ' ἀείδειν.. δοκῶ A.Ag.16

.

2 abs., have or form an opinion,

περί τινος Hdt.9.65

; mostly in parenthetic phrases,

ὡς δοκῶ Pl.Phdr. 264e

; δοκῶ alone, Hdt.9.65, Ar. Pax47, Pl.Prm. 126b; πῶς δοκεῖς; to call attention to something remarked,

τοῦτον, πῶς δοκεῖς; καθύβρισεν E.Hipp. 446

, cf. Hec. 1160, Diph.96, etc.;

πόσον δοκεῖς; Ar.Ec. 399

.

3 δοκῶ μοι I seem to myself, methinks, c. inf.,

ἐγώ μοι δοκέω κατανοέειν τοῦτο Hdt.2.93

, etc.;

ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαί τινος X.Cyr.8.7.25

, cf. Oec.6.11; οὔ μοι δοκῶ I think not.., Pl.Tht. 158e; δοκῶ μοι parenthetic, Id.Thg. 121d.

b δοκῶ μοι I am determined, resolved, c. inf. [tense] pres., Ar.V. 177, etc.: c. inf. [tense] fut., Aeschin.3.53, etc.: c. inf. [tense] aor., dub. in Ar.Av. 671, etc.: rarely without μοι, think fit,

σὺ δ' αὐτὸς ἤδη γνῶθι τίνα πέμπειν δοκεῖς A.Th. 650

.

4 seem, pretend, c. inf. (with or without neg.), ὁρέων μὲν οὐδέν, δοκέων δὲ [ὁρᾶν] dub. l. in Alcm.87;

οὔτε ἔδοξε μαθέειν Hdt.1.10

;

οὐδὲ γιγνώσκειν δοκῶν Pherecr.163

;

τὰ μὲν ποιεῖν, τὰ δὲ δοκεῖν Arist.Pol. 1314a39

;

ἤκουσά του λέγοντος, οὐ δοκῶν κλύειν E.Med.67

;

πόσους δοκεῖς.. ὁρῶντας.. μὴ δοκεῖν ὁρᾶν; Id.Hipp. 462

, cf. Ar.Eq. 1146, X.HG4.5.6.

5 [voice] Pass., to be considered,

δοκεῖσθαι οὕτω Pl.R. 612d

; τὰ νῦν δοκούμενα περί τινος the current opinions, ib. 490a.

6 [voice] Med., Opp.C.4.296; δοκεύμενος.. ἀλύξειν ib. 109.

II of an Object, seem, c. dat. pers. et inf. [tense] pres.,

δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν Od.5.342

; δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θυμὸς ὣς ἔμεν ὡς εἰ .. their heart seemed just as if.., felt as though.., 10.415: c. inf. [tense] fut., seem likely,

δοκέει δέ μοι ὧδε λώϊον ἔσσεσθαι Il.6.338

: c. inf. [tense] aor. (never in Hom.), τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. ποιῆσαι); A.Ag. 935; seem or be thought to have done, esp. of suspected persons, Th.2.21; to be convicted,

ἂν ἁλῷ καὶ δοκῇ τοὔργον εἰργάσθαι D.23.71

.

2 abs., seem, as opp. to reality,

τὸ δοκεῖν καὶ τὰν ἀλάθειαν βιᾶται Simon.76

;

οὐ δοκεῖν ἄριστος ἀλλ' εἶναι θέλει A.Th. 592

, cf. Pl.Grg. 527b; in full,

τὸ δοκεῖν εἶναι A.Ag. 788

(anap.).

3 seem good, be resolved on, εἰ δοκεῖ σοι ταῦτα ib. 944;

τοιαῦτ' ἔδοξε τῷδε Καδμείων τέλει Id.Th. 1030

.

4 freq. impers., δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me, methinks,

ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα Il.12.215

; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ as I think, A.Th. 369, etc.; τὸ σοὶ δοκοῦν your opinion, Pl.R. 487d: freq. in inf. in parenth. clause, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέειν to my thinking, Hdt.9.113;

δοκέειν ἐμοί Id.1.172

;

ἀλλ', ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, τάχ' εἴσει A.Pers. 246

, etc.; without μοι, X.An.4.5.1.

b it seems good to me, it is my pleasure,

δοκεῖ ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι Th.4.118

, cf. A.Ag. 1350: freq. of a public resolution,

τοῖσι Ἕλλησι δόξαι.. ἀπαιτέειν Hdt.1.3

, etc.;

ἔδοξεν Ἀργείοισιν A.Supp. 605

, cf. Th. 1010; esp. in decrees and the like , ἔδοξε τῇ βουλῇ, τῷ δήμῳ, Ar.Th. 372, Th.4.118, cf. IG1.32, etc.;

τὰ δόξαντα S.El.29

, D.3.14;

παρὰ τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν Th.1.84

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

δέδοκται Hdt.4.68

;

οὕτω δέδοκται; S.Ph. 1277

, etc.;

εἰ ἐπαινῆσαι δεδόκηται Pi.N.5.19

;

δεδόχθω τὸ ἄτοπον τοῦτο Pl.Lg. 799e

, etc.;

τοῦτ' ἐστ' ἐμοὶ δεδογμένον E.Heracl.1

;

δεδογμέν' [ἐστί].. τήνδε κατθανεῖν S.Ant. 576

, cf. OC 1431;

τὰ δεδογμένα Hdt.3.76

;

δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ IG22.1.12

, etc. c. acc. abs., δόξαν when it was decreed or resolved,

δόξαν αὐτοῖς ὥστε διαναυμαχεῖν Th.8.79

; δόξαν δέ σφι (sc. λιπέσθαι) Hdt.2.148;

δόξαν ἡμῖν ταῦτα Pl.Prt. 314c

, cf. X.An.4.1.13; ἰδίᾳ δοκῆσάν σοι τόδ' .. ; E. Supp. 129; also

δεδογμένον αὐτοῖς Th.1.125

, etc.; but also

δόξαντος τούτου X.HG1.1.36

; δόξαντα ταῦτα καὶ περανθέντα ib.3.2.19.

5 to be reputed, c. inf., Pi.O.13.56, P.6.40;

ἄξιοι ὑμῖν δοκοῦντες Th.1.76

; δοκοῦντες εἶναί τι men who are held to be something, men of repute, Pl. Grg. 472a;

τὸ δοκεῖν τινὲς εἶναι.. προσειληφότες D.21.213

;

τὸ φρονεῖν ἐδόκει τις εἶναι περιττός Plu.Arist.1

;

οἱ δοκοῦντες Heraclit.28

(dub.), E.Hec. 295; τὰ δοκοῦντα, opp. τὰ μηδὲν ὄντα, Id.Tr. 613;

μετ' ἀρετῆς δοκούσης ἐς ἀλλήλους γίγνεσθαι Th.3.10

; to be an established, current opinion, Arist.APo. 76b24, al.;

τὰ δοκοῦντα Id.Metaph. 1088a16

, al.:— [voice] Pass., οἱ δεδογμένοι ἀνδροφόνοι those who have been found guilty of homicide, D.23.28; also

αἱ δοκούμεναι Πέρσαις τέχναι Polem.Call.60

. (The two senses of δοκέω are sts. contrasted, τὰ ἀεὶ δοκοῦντα.. τῷ δοκοῦντι εἶναι ἀληθῆ that which seems true is true to him who thinks it, Pl.Tht. 158e; τὸ δοκοῦν ἑκάστῳ τοῦτο καὶ εἶναι τῷ δοκοῦντι ib. 162c.)

διαθήκη, ης, ἡ (Democr., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr, Test12Patr; ParJer 6:21; ApcEsdr, ApcMos; AssMos Fgm. a; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14) apart from the simplex θήκη ‘case, chest’, for the mng. of this word one must begin with the mid. form of the verb διατίθεμαι, which is freq. used in legal and commercial discourse of disposition of things (s. L-S-J-M s.v. διατιθημι B), w. implication of promissory obligation. Disposition of one’s personal effects would naturally come under testamentary law, hence

① last will and testament (so exclusively in Hellenistic times, Eger [s. 3 below] 99 note; exx. e.g. in Riggenbach 292ff; Behm 10, 1; 2; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; loanw. in rabb.) Hb 9:16f; δ. κεκυρωμένη a will that has been ratified Gal 3:15; cp. 17, where δ. shades into mng. 2 (s. κυρόω 1, προκυρόω); s. also EBammel, below, and JSwetnam, CBQ 27, ’65, 373–90. On Jewish perspective s. RKatzoff, An Interpretation of PYadin 19—A Jewish Gift after Death: ProcXXCongPap 562–65.

② As a transl. of בְּרִית in LXX δ. retains the component of legal disposition of personal goods while omitting that of the anticipated death of a testator. A Hellenistic reader would experience no confusion, for it was a foregone conclusion that gods were immortal. Hence a δ. decreed by God cannot require the death of the testator to make it operative. Nevertheless, another essential characteristic of a testament is retained, namely that it is the declaration of one person’s initiative, not the result of an agreement betw. two parties, like a compact or a contract. This is beyond doubt one of the main reasons why the LXX rendered בְּרִית by δ. In the ‘covenants’ of God, it was God alone who set the conditions; hence covenant (s. OED s.v. ‘covenant’ sb. 7) can be used to trans. δ. only when this is kept in mind. So δ. acquires a mng. in LXX which cannot be paralleled w. certainty in extra-Biblical sources, namely ‘decree’, ‘declaration of purpose’, ‘set of regulations’, etc. Our lit., which is very strongly influenced by LXX in this area, seems as a rule to have understood the word in these senses (JHughes, NovT 21, ’79, 27–96 [also Hb 9:16–20; Gal 3:15–17]). God has issued a declaration of his purpose Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37); 35:7 (Ps 49:16), which God bears in mind (cp. Ps 104:8f; 105:45 al.) Lk 1:72; it goes back to ancestral days Ac 3:25 (PsSol 9:10; ParJer 6:21). God also issued an ordinance (of circumcision) 7:8 (cp. Gen 17:10ff). Since God’s holy will was set forth on more than one occasion (Gen 6:18; 9:9ff; 15:18; 17:2ff; Ex 19:5 and oft.), one may speak of διαθῆκαι decrees, assurances (cp. διαθῆκαι πατέρων Wsd 18:22; 2 Macc 8:15.—But the pl. is also used for a single testament: Diog. L. 4, 44; 5, 16. In quoting or referring to Theophr. sometimes the sing. [Diog. L. 5, 52; 56] is used, sometimes the pl. [5, 51; 57]) Ro 9:4; Eph 2:12. Much emphasis is laid on the δ. καινή, mentioned as early as Jer 38:31, which God planned for future disposition (Hb 8:8–10; 10:16). God’s decree or covenant directed toward the Christians is a καινὴ δ. (δ. δευτέρα Orig., C. Cels. 2, 75) Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8; 9:15a; PtK 2 p. 15, 5, or δ. νέα Hb 12:24; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 which, as a δ. αἰώνιος (cp. Jer 39:40; En 99:2) Hb 13:20, far excels 7:22; 8:6 the παλαιὰ δ. 2 Cor 3:14, or πρώτη δ. Hb 9:15b, with which it is contrasted. Both are mentioned (Did., Gen. 46, 4; 235, 26) Gal 4:24; B 4:6ff (Ex 34:28; 31:18; Just., D. 67, 9). Blood was shed when the old covenant was proclaimed at Sinai Hb 9:20 (Ex 24:8); the same is true of the new covenant Hb 10:29. τὸ αἷμά μου τ. διαθήκης Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht², ’63, 122–29) is prob. to be understood in connection w. this blood (s. WWrede, ZNW 1, 1900, 69–74; TRobinson, My Blood of the Covenant: KMarti Festschr. 1925, 232–37; for a critique of this view s. GWalther, Jesus, D. Passalamm des Neuen Bundes, ’50, 22–27 and JJeremias TLZ, ’51, 547. For Syriac background JEmerton, JTS 13, ’62, 111–17; s. also ÉDelebrecque, Études grecques sur l’vangile de Luc ’76, 109–21).—The v.l. Lk 22:29 may be derived from Jer 39:40 or Is 55:3 LXX (for the cognate acc. s. Aristoph., Aves 440).—δ. may also be transl. decree in the Ep. of Barnabas (4:6ff; 6:19; 9:6; 13:1, 6; 14:1ff δ. δοῦναί τινι); but the freq. occurrence of the idea of inheritance (6:19; 13:1, 6; 14:4f), makes it likely that the ‘decree’ is to be thought of as part of a will.

③ The mng. compact, contract seems firmly established for Gr-Rom. times (FNorton, A Lexicographical and Historical Study of Διαθήκη, Chicago 1908, 31ff; EBruck, D. Schenkung auf d. Todesfall im griech. u. röm. Recht I 1909, 115ff; JWackernagel, D. Kultur d. Gegenw. I 8² 1907, 309). It remains doubtful whether this mng. has influenced our lit. here and there (exc. quite prob. Lk 22:29 v.l. with its administrative tenor; the phrase διατίθεμαι δ. as Aristoph., Av. 440 of a treaty agreement), but the usage of the term δ. in such sense would again serve as a bridge to LXX usage.—The expr. ἡ κιβωτὸς τ. διαθήκης covenant chest i.e. the sacred box (Eng. ‘ark’ as loanw. from Lat. arca) that symbolized God’s pledge of presence w. Israel (Ex 31:7; 39:14 al.) Hb 9:4; Rv 11:19 or αἱ πλάκες τ. διαθ. (Ex 34:28; Dt 9:9, 11) Hb 9:4 would have required some acquaintance with Israelite tradition on the part of ancient readers.—ERiggenbach, D. Begriff d. Διαθήκη im Hb: Theol. Stud. f. TZahn 1908, 289ff, Hb² 1922, 205ff al.; ACarr, Covenant or Testament?: Exp. 7th ser., 7, 1909, 347ff; JBehm, D. Begriff D. im NT 1912; ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913; WFerguson, Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscr. and the NT, 1913, 42–46 (testamentary exhibits); HKennedy, Exp. 8th ser., 10, 1915, 385ff; GVos, Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke: PTR 13, 1915, 587–632; 14, 1916, 1–61; OEger, ZNW 18, 1918, 84–108; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 496–505; LdaFonseca, Διαθήκη foedus an testamentum?: Biblica 8, 1927; 9, 1928; EBammel, Gottes διαθήκη (Gal 3:15–17) u. d. jüd. Rechtsdenken, NTS 6, ’60, 313–19; NDow, A Select Bibliography on the Concept of Covenant, Austin Seminary Bulletin 78, 6, ’63; CRoetzel, Biblica 51, ’70, 377–90 (Ro 9:4); DMcCarthy, Berit and Covenant (Deut.), ’72, 65–85; EChristiansen, The Covenant in Judaism and Paul ’95.—DELG s.v. θήκη. M-M. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `destroy, weaken' (Il.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: One assumes a denominative from *ἀμαλδύς, which is further not known. The first question is whether the word has the same root as βλαδύς (q.v.). The ἀ- must then have been added after the privative formations (which always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ἀμαλός is not very likely. - The form seems identical with Lat. mollis (\< *moldu̯is) `soft', Skt. mr̥dú- id. Arm. meɫk `weak, soft' shows no initial laryngeal for this group (Pok. 718). The absence of prothesis could point to substratal origin, but there are no other indications for this. - μέλδομαι `to smelt' is hardly cognate because of its meaning. However, it has a variant ἀμέλδειν showing the same problem as ἀμαλδύνω \/ βλαδύς. In this case we are certain of cognate forms with s-, OHG smelzan; does this point to h₂m-\/ sm-? The question has not been solved. - μαλθακός, μαλακός, ἀμαλός and ἀμβλύς differ too much to be useful. Not here βλέννα and μύλη.

Page in Frisk: 1,84

ξυράω (ξύω ‘scrape’; Diod S 1, 83, 2; 1, 84, 2; 5, 28, 3; Plut., Mor. 180b; Dio Chrys. 16 [33], 63; Longus 4, 10, 1; Ath. 14, 2; PMich 243, 10 and 11 [I A.D.]), ξυρέω (Trag., Hdt., Pla. et al.; Lob. on Phryn. p. 205), ξύρω (Hippocr.; Plut., Mor. 336e τὴν κεφαλὴν ξυράμενος; Lucian, De Morte Peregr. 17) fut. 3 sg. ξυρήσει LXX; aor. 3 sg. ἐξύρησε LXX. Pass.: fut. ξυρηθήσομαι LXX; aor. inf. ξυρηθῆναι Lev 13:34; ‘to shave’. In our lit. the foll. verbal forms of the stem ξυρ-are found: mid.: ξύρωνται Ac 21:24 D; fut. ξυρήσονται 21:24; aor. subj. ξυρήσωνται ibid. v.l. Pass.: perf. ptc. ἐξυρημένος 1 Cor 11:5. In vs. 6 ξυρασθαι seems to be marked as a verbal form of ξυράω by ἐξυρημένῃ vs. 5, and in that case it is to be accented as a pres. mid. inf. ξυρᾶσθαι (cp. Diog. L. 7, 166 ξυρᾶσθαι=to have himself shaved; Jos., Ant. 19, 294 ξυρᾶσθαι and Bell. 2, 313 ξυρήσεσθαι; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 5 ξυρῶνται). On the other hand, the immediate proximity of κείρασθαι makes it much more likely that it is an aorist, an aor. mid. inf. of ξύρω, to be accented ξύρασθαι (other edd.; s. B-D-F §101 p. 47; Mlt-H. 200; 250; Anz 310f).—Mid. have oneself shaved (s. Schwyzer II 232; B-D-F §317; Rob. 809) τὴν κεφαλήν have one’s head shaved (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 3, 2; Num 6:9; Ezk 44:20) Ac 21:24 (s. on εὐχή 2 and Jos., Ant. 19, 294). Abs. 1 Cor 11:6. Pass. ἐξυρημένη a woman whose head is shaved vs. 5.—DELG s.v. ξύω.